''Streptomyces albidoflavus'' is a bacterium species from the genus of ''

Streptomyces ''Streptomyces'' is the largest genus of Actinomycetota and the type genus of the family Streptomycetaceae. Over 500 species of ''Streptomyces'' bacteria have been described. As with the other Actinomycetota, streptomycetes are gram-positive, ...

'' which has been isolated from soil from

Poland Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative provinces called voivodeships, covering an area of . Poland has a population of over 38 million and is the fifth-most populous ...

. ''Streptomyces albidoflavus'' produces

dibutyl phthalate Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is an organic compound which is commonly used as a plasticizer because of its low toxicity and wide liquid range. With the chemical formula C6H4(CO2C4H9)2, it is a colorless oil, although commercial samples are often yell ...

and streptothricins.

Small noncoding RNA

Bacterial small RNA Bacterial small RNAs (bsRNA) are small RNAs produced by bacteria; they are 50- to 500-nucleotide non-coding RNA molecules, highly structured and containing several stem-loops. Numerous sRNAs have been identified using both computational analysis and ...

s are involved in post-transcriptional regulation. Using deep sequencing ''S. albidoflavus'' transcriptome was analysed at the end of exponential growth. 63 small RNAs were identified. Expression of 11 of them was confirmed by Northern blot. The sRNAs were shown to be only present in ''Streptomyces'' species. sRNA scr4677 (''Streptomyces coelicolor'' sRNA 4677) is located in the intergenic region between anti-sigma factor ''SCO4677'' gene and a putative regulatory protein gene ''SCO4676''. ''scr4677'' expression requires the ''SCO4677'' activity and ''scr4677'' sRNA itself seem to affect the levels of the ''SCO4676''-associated transcripts. Targets of two of ''S. albidoflavus'' noncoding RNAs have been identified. Noncoding RNA of Glutamine Synthetase I was shown to modulate antibiotic production. The small RNA scr5239 (''Streptomyces coelicolor'' sRNA upstream of SCO5239) has two targets. It inhibits

agarase Agarase (, ''AgaA'', ''AgaB'', ''endo-beta-agarase'', ''agarose 3-glycanohydrolase'') is an enzyme with List of enzymes, systematic name ''agarose 4-glycanohydrolase''. It is found in agarolytic bacteria and is the first enzyme in the agar cataboli ...

DagA expression by direct base pairing to the dagA coding region, and it represses translation of

methionine synthase Methionine synthase also known as MS, MeSe, MTR is responsible for the regeneration of methionine from homocysteine. In humans it is encoded by the ''MTR'' gene (5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase). Methionine synthase forms ...

''metE'' (SCO0985) at the 5' end of its open reading frame.

Fatty acid synthesis

crystal structure In crystallography, crystal structure is a description of the ordered arrangement of atoms, ions or molecules in a crystal, crystalline material. Ordered structures occur from the intrinsic nature of the constituent particles to form symmetric pat ...

is available of the ''S. albidoflavus'' ''S''-malonyltransferase. ''S. albidoflavus''s ACP ''S''-MT is involved in both

fatty acid synthesis In biochemistry, fatty acid synthesis is the creation of fatty acids from acetyl-CoA and NADPH through the action of enzymes called fatty acid synthases. This process takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell. Most of the acetyl-CoA which is conve ...

II and

polyketide synthase Polyketides are a class of natural products derived from a precursor molecule consisting of a chain of alternating ketone (or reduced forms of a ketone) and methylene groups: (-CO-CH2-). First studied in the early 20th century, discovery, biosynth ...

and is structurally similar to ''

Escherichia coli ''Escherichia coli'' (),Wells, J. C. (2000) Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. Harlow ngland Pearson Education Ltd. also known as ''E. coli'' (), is a Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped, coliform bacterium of the genus ''Escher ...

''s analogue.

Usage in biotechnology

Strains of ''S. albidoflavus'' produce various

antibiotic An antibiotic is a type of antimicrobial substance active against bacteria. It is the most important type of antibacterial agent for fighting bacterial infections, and antibiotic medications are widely used in the treatment and prevention of ...

s, including

actinorhodin Actinorhodin is a benzoisochromanequinone dimer (chemistry), dimer polyketide antibiotic produced by ''Streptomyces coelicolor''. The gene cluster responsible for actinorhodin production contains the biosynthetic enzymes and genes responsible for ...

, methylenomycin, undecylprodigiosin, and

perimycin Perimycin, also known as aminomycin and fungimycin, is polyene antibiotic produced by ''Streptomyces coelicolor'' var. aminophilus. The compound exhibits antifungal properties. __TOC__ Composition Perimycin is produced naturally as a mixture of t ...

. Certain strains of ''S. albidoflavus'' can be used for heterologous protein expression.

DNA repair

The Ku

homolog In biology, homology is similarity due to shared ancestry between a pair of structures or genes in different taxa. A common example of homologous structures is the forelimbs of vertebrates, where the wings of bats and birds, the arms of prima ...

is SCF55.25c. It contains an

Shrimp alkaline phosphatase The enzyme alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1, alkaline phosphomonoesterase; phosphomonoesterase; glycerophosphatase; alkaline phosphohydrolase; alkaline phenyl phosphatase; orthophosphoric-monoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline optimum), systematic ...

-like (SAP-like) domain at the

C-terminus The C-terminus (also known as the carboxyl-terminus, carboxy-terminus, C-terminal tail, C-terminal end, or COOH-terminus) is the end of an amino acid chain (protein or polypeptide), terminated by a free carboxyl group (-COOH). When the protein is ...

. ''S. albidoflavus'' produces a (putatively) single-domain protein SC9H11.09c which is homologous to the LigD NucDom which is common to many bacterial LigDs. ( LigDs are a subfamily of

DNA ligase DNA ligase is a specific type of enzyme, a ligase, () that facilitates the joining of DNA strands together by catalyzing the formation of a phosphodiester bond. It plays a role in repairing single-strand breaks in duplex DNA in living organ ...

s. In bacteria many, but not all LigDs have additional

nuclease A nuclease (also archaically known as nucleodepolymerase or polynucleotidase) is an enzyme capable of cleaving the phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides of nucleic acids. Nucleases variously effect single and double stranded breaks in their ta ...

domains branched from the universally present central

ligase In biochemistry, a ligase is an enzyme that can catalyze the joining (ligation) of two large molecules by forming a new chemical bond. This is typically via hydrolysis of a small pendant chemical group on one of the larger molecules or the enzym ...

domain. If present - as in this case - the nuclease domain is an

N-terminus The N-terminus (also known as the amino-terminus, NH2-terminus, N-terminal end or amine-terminus) is the start of a protein or polypeptide, referring to the free amine group (-NH2) located at the end of a polypeptide. Within a peptide, the ami ...

extension.)

Genetics

The genome consists of a single linear molecule, and although Ku would be expected to perform end maintenance, none has been observed so far.

References

External links

Type strain of ''Streptomyces albidoflavus'' at Bac''Dive'' - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
albidoflavus Bacteria described in 1948 {{Streptomyces-stub